{"id":1469,"date":"2021-05-06T17:30:37","date_gmt":"2021-05-06T17:30:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/2021\/05\/06\/les-kararao-du-bresil-central\/"},"modified":"2021-12-15T18:35:04","modified_gmt":"2021-12-15T18:35:04","slug":"the-kararao-of-central-brazil","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/en\/the-kararao-of-central-brazil\/","title":{"rendered":"The Karara\u00f4 of Central Brazil"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">GUSTAAF VERSWIJVER<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The aim of this essay is to acquaint people with the Karara\u00f4, a group of Kayapo Indians in central Brazil, who in 2010 numbered only fifty-four, by focusing on their extremely complex history. The anthropologist Gustaaf Verswijver conducted three years of intensive research on the history of this little-known people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Les Karara\u00f4 du Br\u00e9sil central\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/gV76tvEYVX0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption>The anthropologist Gustaaf Verswijver talks about the researches he carried out among the Kayapo and Karara\u00f4 groups of Central Brazil who live in the heart of Amazonia.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Although the Karara\u00f4 did not break away from the other Kayapo groups until the early 1930s, their history is composed of an uninterrupted series of splits and mergers, displacements to escape attacks and massacres, and the disastrous consequences of their increased contact with Brazilian society, which at times they themselves sought. This history not only reflects the Karara\u00f4\u2019s struggle for survival, it also attests to the Brazilian state\u2019s inability to provide adequate assistance to them before the 1970s. Finally it shows the impunity of Brazilian caboclos (and their bosses), who set out to eliminate the indigenous peoples.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is now urgent to take an interest in the Karara\u00f4, in view of the many threats they face. One of the largest hydroelectric dams in the world was constructed near where they live, affecting their fisheries and creating pools of stagnant water conducive to waterborne diseases and malaria. In addition they suffer from deforestation and the illegal exploitation of their lands\u2019 abundant natural resources. Over the last two decades they have succeeded in defending their forest, the source of life that supplies them with food and medicine. But the pressure is building&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Br\u00e8ve pr\u00e9sentation des Indiens Kayapo du Br\u00e9sil central par Gustaaf Verswijver\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/A1u0sPjbPWE?start=24&#038;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">PRESENTATION OF THE KARARA\u00d4 BY GUSTAAF VERSWIJVER<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>In the early and mid-twentieth century, the frequent attacks by the Kayapo Indians hampered the economic development of vast areas in central Brazil. In those days, the Kayapo numbered about 5.000 Indians and were divided in three main groups, being the Ir\u00e3\u00b4\u00e3mrai-re (often called \u2018Kayapo of the Araguaia\u2019) who became extinct by 1940; the Xikrin (the smallest group); and the Gorotire (\u201cthose of the big group\u201d), often called \u2018Kayapo of the Xingu\u2019. The Gorotire were divided in five subgroups, called Gorotire, Kubenkranken, Kokraim\u00f4r\u00f4, Mekranoti and&#8230; Karara\u00f4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Friendly contacts were established with all still surviving Kayapo groups from 1937 on; the majority of the groups were contacted in the late 1950s, early 1960s. That was about the time when anthropologists from different countries started exploring this huge, uncharted domain of Kayapo groups and subgroups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Different reasons can be advanced to explain this special status of the Karara\u00f4, the main reason being that they lived scattered over three very small communities that were virtually decimated by diseases in the first years following their first friendly contacts with members of the national society. No anthropologist felt appealed to study the renowned complex social system of the Kayapo in a small settlements numbering barely a handful of survivors. The result is that, in nearly all works treating the Kayapo, the Karara\u00f4 were \u2018mentioned\u2019 as a Gorotire subgroup, but that was often the sole reference to their existence. One single article was dedicated to them, with the all-saying title \u2018A extin\u00e7\u00e3o dos \u00edndios Karara\u00f4 (Kayapo) &#8211; Baixo Xingu, Par\u00e1\u2019 (\u2018The extinction of the Karara\u00f4 Indians (Kayapo) \u2013 Lower Xingu, Par\u00e1\u2019). It appeared in 1989 and its author, Expedito Arnaud, did not actually work among the Karara\u00f4, but instead conducted interviews with the government agents who had established the first friendly contacts with the Karara\u00f4 faction in question, and consulted the extensive archives of the FUNAI (National Indian Foundation). The article treated a Karara\u00f4 faction that since then has been considered extinct.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/IMG\/jpg\/fig._75__meiti_jaraucu_kararao_sketching_the_route_his_ancestors_took__daniel-img-20160920-wa0104_cr.jpg\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>History of the Karara\u00f4 group<\/strong><br>This observation leads to the history of the Karara\u00f4 group. Mekranoti informants told me several times the story of how a particular belligerent Kubenkranken leader, called K\u00f4k\u00f4iaumti, one day killed a respected old village leader. Fearing to be killed in revenge, K\u00f4k\u00f4iaumti immediately left the village after the homicide. He was joined by a number of kinsmen and followers. The story says that the dissident group crossed the mighty Xingu River in the hope to be able to join the Mekranoti. Yet the latter, aware of K\u00f4k\u00f4iaumti\u2019s reputation, killed the belligerent chief whereupon the rest fled into the forest. These refugees were called Karara\u00f4, supposedly after the name of K\u00f4k\u00f4iaumti\u2019s faction in the main Kubenkranken village. This episode, which took place in the mid-1930s, is about all that is actually known about the history of the Karara\u00f4. No data are available on how, a few decades after the referred clash with the Mekranoti, at least three (maybe even more) small Karara\u00f4 groups were found and contacted in the period between 1957 and 1972, at locations more than 400 kilometres one from the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>No data are available on how, a few decades after the referred clash with the Mekranoti, at least three (maybe even more) small Karara\u00f4 groups were found and contacted in the period between 1957 and 1972, at locations more than 400 kilometres one from the other. Yet all indicates that the degree of the factionalism among the Karara\u00f4 by far exceeds the one observed in the other Kayapo groups and subgroups. The mystery of the Karara\u00f4 therefore starts at its very genesis, and that is why an in-depth study of their ethno-history is crucial to understand the particular contemporary situation of the Karara\u00f4. Indeed, although some Karara\u00f4 members live scattered in several other Kayapo villages, today there is one Karara\u00f4 village. It numbers some sixty people, predominantly Karara\u00f4 cohabiting with a few immigrants from other Kayapo groups. Because of the low population, and because of the peculiar fact that all these Karara\u00f4 people are descendant from one single Karara\u00f4 couple (!), this is the only known Kayapo society to have lived for several decades without having a men\u2019s house, men\u2019s societies, and the possibility to perform the major naming ceremonies. All these aspects are considered typical and even inherent to Kayapo society as we know it. The question therefore is, how the absence of these elements have affected the small Karara\u00f4 community. Or, in other words, how can a Kayapo society function without being able to create \u2018beautiful people\u2019 (at least, not through the known mechanisms of ceremonies and rights owned by Houses)? Why do the Karara\u00f4 refrain from participating in the performance of ceremonies in neighbouring Kayapo villages, as some other, recent emerging, small Kayapo homesteads do?<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/IMG\/jpg\/1_old_kararao_woman_watching_archival_pictures_of_1971.jpg\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The Belo Monte Dam<\/strong><br>A note should be added on the term Karara\u00f4, which in Kayapo language refers to a type of shout uttered when preparing for an attack. Indeed, the Karara\u00f4 Indians may constitute a Kayapo faction that has been neglected by anthropologists, but this does not mean that the name Karara\u00f4 is unknown. This has to do with the plans of the Brazilian government, in the 1980s, to construct a series of hydroelectric dams along the Xingu River. The first and major one to be constructed was to be called Karara\u00f4 because of the proximity of the Karara\u00f4 village to the artificial lake that would emerge. The Kayapo refuted the idea of constructing hydroelectric dams near (or even inside) their reserves. They were also disgusted with the idea that a Kayapo term was used for something they despised. That is why, in 1989, all Kayapo joined forces to demonstrate in the small city of Altamira against the building of the first dam. The manifestation lasted three days, and drew the attention of the international media. This action, combined with an appearance of some young Kayapo leaders in the World Bank where they expressed their disapproval of the plans, made the Brazilian government desist of their plans. Today, thirty years later, the dam is being built. It is now called Belo Monte\u2026 It is incontestable that the construction of the dam will have a deep effect on the small and fragile Karara\u00f4 community, especially since one of the reservoirs almost reaches the northern border of the Karara\u00f4 Indian Reserve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Message de Raoni adress\u00e9 \u00e0 la Fondation culturelle Mus\u00e9e Barbier-Mueller\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/8Rq9mjkjw5Y?start=11&#038;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Review of the book in <em>Journal de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des am\u00e9ricanistes<\/em> : <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/jsa\/19729%20;%20DOI%20:%20https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4000\/jsa.19729\"><strong>St\u00e9phanie Tselouiko<\/strong>, \u00ab Gustaaf Verswijver, <em>Les Karara\u00f4 du Br\u00e9sil central<\/em> \u00bb, <em>Journal de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des am\u00e9ricanistes<\/em>, 107-1 | 2021, posted on 30 September 2021. <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>GUSTAAF VERSWIJVER The aim of this essay is to acquaint people with the Karara\u00f4, a group of Kayapo Indians in central Brazil, who in 2010 numbered only fifty-four, by focusing on their extremely complex history. The anthropologist Gustaaf Verswijver conducted three years of intensive research on the history of this little-known people. Although the Karara\u00f4 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1220,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1469","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-surveys"],"meta_box":{"image_advanced_bajytcpz939":[{"width":150,"height":150,"file":"2021\/05\/Fig.-4.jpg","sizes":{"medium":{"file":"Fig.-4-300x204.jpg","width":300,"height":204,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","url":"https:\/\/www.fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Fig.-4-300x204.jpg"},"thumbnail":{"file":"Fig.-4-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","url":"https:\/\/www.fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Fig.-4-150x150.jpg"},"medium_large":{"file":"Fig.-4-768x523.jpg","width":768,"height":523,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","url":"https:\/\/www.fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Fig.-4-768x523.jpg"}},"image_meta":{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0","keywords":[]},"ID":"1222","name":"Fig.-4.jpg","path":"\/home\/clients\/5430092b271085efa9501c5c032c54b3\/sites\/fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Fig.-4.jpg","url":"https:\/\/www.fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Fig.-4-150x150.jpg","full_url":"https:\/\/www.fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Fig.-4.jpg","title":"Kayapo family during a forest trek. Photo Gustaaf Verswijver,1975.","caption":"Kayapo family during a forest trek. Photo Gustaaf Verswijver,1975.","description":"","alt":"","srcset":false},{"width":150,"height":150,"file":"2021\/05\/Fig.-127.jpg","sizes":{"medium":{"file":"Fig.-127-300x242.jpg","width":300,"height":242,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","url":"https:\/\/www.fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Fig.-127-300x242.jpg"},"thumbnail":{"file":"Fig.-127-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","url":"https:\/\/www.fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Fig.-127-150x150.jpg"},"medium_large":{"file":"Fig.-127-768x620.jpg","width":768,"height":620,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","url":"https:\/\/www.fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Fig.-127-768x620.jpg"}},"image_meta":{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"Copyright Gustaaf Verswijver - All rights reserved","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0","keywords":[]},"ID":"1224","name":"Fig.-127.jpg","path":"\/home\/clients\/5430092b271085efa9501c5c032c54b3\/sites\/fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Fig.-127.jpg","url":"https:\/\/www.fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Fig.-127-150x150.jpg","full_url":"https:\/\/www.fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Fig.-127.jpg","title":"An Iriri Mekranoti man wearing a full kr\u00f4kr\u00f4kti feather headdress. Photo Gustaaf Verswijver, 2005.","caption":"An Iriri Mekranoti man wearing a full kr\u00f4kr\u00f4kti feather headdress. Photo Gustaaf Verswijver, 2005.","description":"","alt":"","srcset":false},{"width":150,"height":150,"file":"2021\/05\/Fig.-128.jpg","sizes":{"medium":{"file":"Fig.-128-300x221.jpg","width":300,"height":221,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","url":"https:\/\/www.fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Fig.-128-300x221.jpg"},"thumbnail":{"file":"Fig.-128-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","url":"https:\/\/www.fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Fig.-128-150x150.jpg"},"medium_large":{"file":"Fig.-128-768x566.jpg","width":768,"height":566,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","url":"https:\/\/www.fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Fig.-128-768x566.jpg"}},"image_meta":{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0","keywords":[]},"ID":"1225","name":"Fig.-128.jpg","path":"\/home\/clients\/5430092b271085efa9501c5c032c54b3\/sites\/fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Fig.-128.jpg","url":"https:\/\/www.fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Fig.-128-150x150.jpg","full_url":"https:\/\/www.fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Fig.-128.jpg","title":"Dancing Iriri Mekranoti men, each wearing different ornaments (privileges related to the houses). Photo Gustaaf Verswijver, 2005.","caption":"Dancing Iriri Mekranoti men, each wearing different ornaments (privileges related to the houses). Photo Gustaaf Verswijver, 2005.","description":"","alt":"","srcset":false},{"width":150,"height":150,"file":"2021\/05\/Fig.-129.jpg","sizes":{"medium":{"file":"Fig.-129-300x283.jpg","width":300,"height":283,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","url":"https:\/\/www.fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Fig.-129-300x283.jpg"},"thumbnail":{"file":"Fig.-129-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","url":"https:\/\/www.fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Fig.-129-150x150.jpg"},"medium_large":{"file":"Fig.-129-768x725.jpg","width":768,"height":725,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","url":"https:\/\/www.fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Fig.-129-768x725.jpg"}},"image_meta":{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0","keywords":[]},"ID":"1226","name":"Fig.-129.jpg","path":"\/home\/clients\/5430092b271085efa9501c5c032c54b3\/sites\/fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Fig.-129.jpg","url":"https:\/\/www.fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Fig.-129-150x150.jpg","full_url":"https:\/\/www.fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Fig.-129.jpg","title":"An honoured child during the memybi\u00f4k naming ceremony. Iriri Mekranoti. Photo Gustaaf Verswijver, 2005.","caption":"An honoured child during the memybi\u00f4k naming ceremony. Iriri Mekranoti. Photo Gustaaf Verswijver, 2005.","description":"","alt":"","srcset":false},{"width":150,"height":150,"file":"2021\/05\/DOUBLE-PAGE-BIBLIOGRAPHIE.jpg","sizes":{"medium":{"file":"DOUBLE-PAGE-BIBLIOGRAPHIE-300x200.jpg","width":300,"height":200,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","url":"https:\/\/www.fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/DOUBLE-PAGE-BIBLIOGRAPHIE-300x200.jpg"},"thumbnail":{"file":"DOUBLE-PAGE-BIBLIOGRAPHIE-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","url":"https:\/\/www.fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/DOUBLE-PAGE-BIBLIOGRAPHIE-150x150.jpg"},"medium_large":{"file":"DOUBLE-PAGE-BIBLIOGRAPHIE-768x512.jpg","width":768,"height":512,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","url":"https:\/\/www.fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/DOUBLE-PAGE-BIBLIOGRAPHIE-768x512.jpg"}},"image_meta":{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0","keywords":[]},"ID":"1219","name":"DOUBLE-PAGE-BIBLIOGRAPHIE.jpg","path":"\/home\/clients\/5430092b271085efa9501c5c032c54b3\/sites\/fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/DOUBLE-PAGE-BIBLIOGRAPHIE.jpg","url":"https:\/\/www.fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/DOUBLE-PAGE-BIBLIOGRAPHIE-150x150.jpg","full_url":"https:\/\/www.fondation-culturelle-barbier-mueller.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/DOUBLE-PAGE-BIBLIOGRAPHIE.jpg","title":"Nik\u00e0iti, an Iriri Mekranoti chief, famous for his huge knowledge of Kayapo songs and culture. He died of Coronavirus on 27 August 2020. Photo Gustaaf Verswijver, 2017.","caption":"Nik\u00e0iti, an Iriri Mekranoti chief, famous for his huge knowledge of Kayapo songs and culture.\nHe died of Coronavirus on 27 August 2020. 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Mekranoti. Photo Gustaaf Verswijver, 2003.","caption":"Aerial view of a large Kayapo village with the men's house in the centre of the plaza. Mekranoti. 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